Remote Sensing of Honey Bees - Revision history

Zaltizer3: /* Prospective Results */

2021-12-07T23:47:39Z

Prospective Results

Zaltizer3: /* Photos */

2021-12-07T23:30:37Z

Photos

Zaltizer3: /* Photos */

2021-12-07T23:24:20Z

Photos

Zaltizer3: /* Tagging Methods */

2021-12-07T21:35:45Z

Tagging Methods

Zkim9: /* Tagging Methods */

2021-12-07T06:14:57Z

Tagging Methods

Zkim9: /* Team Members */

2021-12-07T06:14:38Z

Team Members

Zkim9: /* Conclusion */

2021-12-07T06:09:25Z

Conclusion

Zkim9: /* Prospective Results */

2021-12-07T06:09:00Z

Prospective Results

Zkim9: /* Type of Bee */

2021-12-07T06:06:09Z

Type of Bee

Zkim9: /* Introduction to the System of Study */

2021-12-07T06:05:45Z

Introduction to the System of Study

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 === Prospective Results ===
 We tracked 442 temperature points over 19 days, taken from the mid-upper hive where winter clustering occurs. While widely variable, the average internal hive temperature was 25.7°C, which is highly unfavorable for successful incubation.
+<br>
 This indicates proceeding with incubating at elevated temperatures, even at a “low” 32.5°C, should be beneficial for the hives of Kendeda.
+<br>
 As this study expands to gather data on remaining incubation temperatures, we should see an increase of successful flight returns, while still taking into account typical climate events in Atlanta, Georgia & predation. This again would be accredited to better self-control of bees incubated at higher temperatures (3, 6).

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 === Photos ===
+'''Please view our semester photo gallery [https://gt-rfidbees.carrd.co/ here]!'''
 == Team Members ==

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 === Photos ===
 [[File:Taggedbees.jpg|frame|center|Bees with the tags attached.]]
+[[File:BeeSuits.jpg|frame|center|Beekeeping suits]]
 == Team Members ==

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 ==== Type of Bee ====
 The type of bees that we worked with is called worker bees which are non-reproductive female bees that make up a majority of a hive. As their name suggests, workers specialize in a variety of tasks including, but not limited to, tending to the queen, nursing young, & foraging (Dargahi & Todd, 2020).
 ==== Tagging Methods ====

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 ==== Tagging Methods ====
 A small amount of store-bought super glue is applied to the RFID sensor and, while holding the bee lightly with a pair of forceps at the upper abdomen (holding down the wings), the RFID tag is placed between the wings at the top of the thorax. The bee is released after a few seconds. In some cases, bees are collected and held manually during the RFID fitting or several bees are brought to the laboratory where placing the bees in the freezer for a short amount of time can be used to decrease bee movement as the bees fall asleep. It will be ideal to tag bees as they hatch in their first day of life as an adult due to their inability to fly. Tagged bees were then placed in hive in Kendeda Building.
 === Prospective Results ===

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 ! Name !! Major
 |-
-| Emma Carmical || Environmental Engineering
+| Zoë Altizer || Biology
 |-
-| Isabelle D'Amico || Environmental Engineering
+| Zoe Kim || Biology
 |-
 | Sarah Talwar || Neuroscience
 |}

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 === Conclusion ===
-This semester, we ran into a lot of technical difficulties regarding the Raspberry Pi and the HOBO Pro v2 Temperature/Humidity Data Logger.
+While we were unable to begin the true experiment this semester due to seasonal changes & resource availability, we proposed a robust experimental design plan that can be used for at least the next two to six semesters. Based on prior literature, it increasing the incubation temperature of honeybees results in more engaged & efficient flight behavior while minimizing mortality rates (2, 5, 6). Thus, we expect to see successful first flights occurring at younger ages for those incubated for longer periods across the board for 32.5°C, 34.5°C, & 36°C. With this, we would also anticipate seeing fewer losses of bees after they leave the hive for their flights, with the least amount of loss among incubations of 36°C.
 === Photos ===

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 === Introduction to the System of Study ===
-Drones are essential for the longevity of a beehive as their sole purpose is to mate with the queen to produce worker bees. Although, they play an integral part in the beehive, they are not very well understood and research on their flying patterns is scarce; “Available information on drone activity is based mainly on direct observations during a limited period of time and for a restricted time of the day” (Reyes, 2019).
+There are currently over 500 species of bees found in Georgia. One of the most abundant is the Apis mellifera, commonly known as the western or European honey bee (Schlueter, 2020). Like other Hymenopterans, their unfertilized eggs develop into males & their fertilized eggs develop into females. The female larvae that are fed pollen, nectar, & brood become workers. Worker bees are non-reproductive female bees that make up a majority of a hive. As their name suggests, workers specialize in a variety of tasks including, but not limited to, tending to the queen, nursing young, & foraging. Foragers specialize in traveling to floral sites & returning to the hive with nectar & pollen (Dargahi & Todd, 2020). An experiment conducted in 2016 found a correlation between incubation temperatures of brood and adult behaviors and specialization within the hive. They found that adult bees that were incubated at 35°C and 36°C  performed better in terms of behavior, learning, and memory compared to those raised at 32°C. They also noted that foragers incubated at  32°C would begin foraging at 2 weeks, similar to those incubated at 35°C and 36°C. However, they noticed that more bees in the 32°C group would leave the hive at normal foraging times but would not return to the hive (Wang, Xu, Zhu, Chen, S. Zhou, Huang, & B. Zhou, 2016).
 === Methodology ===