Materials - Revision history

Lluong8: /* Milestones */

2020-12-10T20:41:33Z

Milestones

Lluong8: /* Milestones */

2020-12-10T20:39:24Z

Milestones

Lluong8 at 20:38, 10 December 2020

2020-12-10T20:38:23Z

Lluong8: /* Preliminary Results */

2020-12-10T20:03:28Z

Preliminary Results

Lluong8: /* Preliminary Results */

2020-12-10T20:00:37Z

Preliminary Results

Lever3: /* Annotated Bibliography */

2020-11-23T23:27:48Z

Annotated Bibliography

Lever3: /* Annotated Bibliography */

2020-11-23T23:26:41Z

Annotated Bibliography

Lever3: /* Water Absorption Test*/

2020-11-23T23:19:43Z

Water Absorption Test

Lever3: /* Catalyst Application in Wood Acetylation */

2020-11-23T23:17:39Z

Catalyst Application in Wood Acetylation

Lever3: /* Preliminary Results */

2020-11-23T23:16:36Z

Preliminary Results

@@ Line 187: / Line 187: @@
 == Milestones ==
-/16/20: First team meeting
+'''1/16/20:''' First team meeting
-/11/20: Team selection of experiment - wood acetylation with use of acetic anhydride during catalyst reaction
+'''2/11/20:''' Team selection of experiment - wood acetylation with use of acetic anhydride during catalyst reaction
-/13/20: Five catalyst selections made official
+'''2/13/20:''' Five catalyst selections made official
-/25/20: Completion of final project proposal
+'''2/25/20:''' Completion of final project proposal
-/08/20: Dr. Leavey informs team about opportunity to present to Georgia Forestry Professionals on 04/02
+'''3/08/20:''' Dr. Leavey informs team about opportunity to present to Georgia Forestry Professionals on 04/02
-/12/20: Team visits HIVE workspace to experiment with wood cutting and modifying and gain tips and advice from PI present
+'''3/12/20:''' Team visits HIVE workspace to experiment with wood cutting and modifying and gain tips and advice from PI present
-/09/20: Team switches to loblolly pine instead of radiata pine because of differences in sustainability measurements between the two types of wood
+'''9/09/20:''' Team switches to loblolly pine instead of radiata pine because of differences in sustainability measurements between the two types of wood
-/22/20: Team visits Invention Studio Wood Workshop to experiment with Accoya wood samples and the makerspace's wood machinery
+'''9/22/20:''' Team visits Invention Studio Wood Workshop to experiment with Accoya wood samples and the makerspace's wood machinery
-/16/20: Team finished acquiring all loblolly cube samples needed for acetylation treatments at Aero Makerspace with the help of PIs present
+'''10/16/20:''' Team finished acquiring all loblolly cube samples needed for acetylation treatments at Aero Makerspace with the help of PIs present
-/28/20: Cubes are retrieved from Quantitative Analysis Lab in Boggs and placed into desiccators and are ready to be used for treatment
+'''10/28/20:''' Cubes are retrieved from Quantitative Analysis Lab in Boggs and placed into desiccators and are ready to be used for treatment
-/11/20: Team meets with Dr. Leavey, Dr. Evans, and Dr. Zhu over Bluejeans to discuss new apparatus requirements, lab scheduling, and sustainable and available methods for the acetylation process
+'''11/11/20:''' Team meets with Dr. Leavey, Dr. Evans, and Dr. Zhu over Bluejeans to discuss new apparatus requirements, lab scheduling, and sustainable and available methods for the acetylation process
-/17/20: Team transports apparatus materials (glassware, acetic anhydride, cubes inside of desiccators) with the assistance of Dr. Leavey, Dr. Evans, Dr. O'Mahoney, and Dr. Zhu
+'''11/17/20:''' Team transports apparatus materials (glassware, acetic anhydride, cubes inside of desiccators) with the assistance of Dr. Leavey, Dr. Evans, Dr. O'Mahoney, and Dr. Zhu
-/19/20: First acetylation treatment experiment with the use of N-bromosuccinimide as catalyst is completed! (6pm-9pm CULC 578)
+'''11/19/20:''' First acetylation treatment experiment with the use of N-bromosuccinimide as catalyst is completed! (6pm-9pm CULC 578)
 == Analogous Systems ==

@@ Line 188: / Line 188: @@
 /16/20: First team meeting
 /11/20: Team selection of experiment - wood acetylation with use of acetic anhydride during catalyst reaction
 /13/20: Five catalyst selections made official
 /25/20: Completion of final project proposal
 /08/20: Dr. Leavey informs team about opportunity to present to Georgia Forestry Professionals on 04/02
 /12/20: Team visits HIVE workspace to experiment with wood cutting and modifying and gain tips and advice from PI present
 /09/20: Team switches to loblolly pine instead of radiata pine because of differences in sustainability measurements between the two types of wood
 /22/20: Team visits Invention Studio Wood Workshop to experiment with Accoya wood samples and the makerspace's wood machinery
 /16/20: Team finished acquiring all loblolly cube samples needed for acetylation treatments at Aero Makerspace with the help of PIs present
 /28/20: Cubes are retrieved from Quantitative Analysis Lab in Boggs and placed into desiccators and are ready to be used for treatment
 /11/20: Team meets with Dr. Leavey, Dr. Evans, and Dr. Zhu over Bluejeans to discuss new apparatus requirements, lab scheduling, and sustainable and available methods for the acetylation process
-/17/20: Team transports apparatus materials (glassware, acetic anhydride, cubes inside of dessicators) with the assistance of Dr. Leavey, Dr. Evans, Dr. O'Mahoney, and Dr. Zhu
 /19/20: First acetylation treatment experiment with the use of N-bromosuccinimide as catalyst is completed! (6pm-9pm CULC 578)
 == Analogous Systems ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:38, 10 December 2020
Line 183:		Line 183:

	Where W2 is the wet weight of the wood specimens after wetting with water, W1 is the initial dry weight, WAc is the water absorption rates of untreated controls, and WAt is the water absorption rates of treated specimens.		Where W2 is the wet weight of the wood specimens after wetting with water, W1 is the initial dry weight, WAc is the water absorption rates of untreated controls, and WAt is the water absorption rates of treated specimens.
		+
		+
		+	== Milestones ==
		+
		+	1/16/20: First team meeting
		+	2/11/20: Team selection of experiment - wood acetylation with use of acetic anhydride during catalyst reaction
		+	2/13/20: Five catalyst selections made official
		+	2/25/20: Completion of final project proposal
		+	3/08/20: Dr. Leavey informs team about opportunity to present to Georgia Forestry Professionals on 04/02
		+	3/12/20: Team visits HIVE workspace to experiment with wood cutting and modifying and gain tips and advice from PI present
		+	9/09/20: Team switches to loblolly pine instead of radiata pine because of differences in sustainability measurements between the two types of wood
		+	9/22/20: Team visits Invention Studio Wood Workshop to experiment with Accoya wood samples and the makerspace's wood machinery
		+	10/16/20: Team finished acquiring all loblolly cube samples needed for acetylation treatments at Aero Makerspace with the help of PIs present
		+	10/28/20: Cubes are retrieved from Quantitative Analysis Lab in Boggs and placed into desiccators and are ready to be used for treatment
		+	11/11/20: Team meets with Dr. Leavey, Dr. Evans, and Dr. Zhu over Bluejeans to discuss new apparatus requirements, lab scheduling, and sustainable and available methods for the acetylation process
		+	11/17/20: Team transports apparatus materials (glassware, acetic anhydride, cubes inside of dessicators) with the assistance of Dr. Leavey, Dr. Evans, Dr. O'Mahoney, and Dr. Zhu
		+	11/19/20: First acetylation treatment experiment with the use of N-bromosuccinimide as catalyst is completed! (6pm-9pm CULC 578)
		+

	== Analogous Systems ==		== Analogous Systems ==

@@ Line 136: / Line 136: @@
 |N/A
 |}
 [[File:Loblolly Cube Masses.png|thumb]]
 We utilized cube groups 1 and 2 for our acetylation treatment with Group 1 as our control group and Group 2 as our treated group. Since Group 2 was the only group that underwent the acetylation process with NBS as its catalyst, only its weight was recorded after drying in the over for approximately 24 hours after its treatment. All groups experienced a significant weight loss after drying in the Quantitative Analysis Lab's oven because of a decrease in intrinsic moisture. This process was especially important for Group 2 to experience before its acetylation treatment as any moisture inside its cubes could have affected the reaction between the cubes, acetic anhydride, and the NBS catalyst.
 Due to the MILL closing until January 2021, currently the only results we have to report are the change in mass after freshly cutting the blocks at the Aero Maker Space on campus, after undergoing the standard oven-dry procedure, and after the acetylation reaction, if applicable.

@@ Line 136: / Line 136: @@
 |N/A
 |}
 Due to the MILL closing until January 2021, currently the only results we have to report are the change in mass after freshly cutting the blocks at the Aero Maker Space on campus, after undergoing the standard oven-dry procedure, and after the acetylation reaction, if applicable.

@@ Line 234: / Line 234: @@
 == Annotated Bibliography ==
-Bang, S. S., & Johnston, D. (1998). "Environmental effects of sodium acetate/formate deicer, Ice Shear™." ''Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology'', ''35''(4), 580-587.<blockquote>Bang and Johnston discuss the environmental impacts of sodium acetate using biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) tests, chemical oxygen demand (COD) tests, acute rainbow trout bioassays, and phytotoxicity tests. BOD and COD tests concluded that runoff of sodium acetate may cause oxygen depletion for a short period of time. However it is relatively harmless to rainbow trout and vegetation, and may act as a fertilizer for some plants.</blockquote>Giang, L., Cuong, C., Hoa, T., and Loc, T. (2015). "Acetylation of Microfibrillated Cellulose by Reaction with Acetic Anhydride Catalyzed by N-Bromosuccinimide." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ, 53(3), 333-339. Retrieved February 13, 2020, from http://vjs.ac.vn/index.php/jst/article/view/5769/5704.<blockquote>In this paper, Giang, Cuong, Hoa, and Loc investigate chemical surface modification of microfibrillated cellulose with different chemicals, such as acetic anhydride, which is used in wood acetylation. N-Bromosuccinimide was used as a catalyst, and dimethyl sulfoxide was used as a solvent. There is no recorded procedure in this paper, but there is a lot of analysis using IR spectroscopy. H-NMR, powder X-ray diffraction, and thermal stability tests also were used to analyze results of the experiment.</blockquote>Hill, C. A. S. (n.d.). Potential Catalysts for the Acetylation of Wood. ''Holzforschung'', ''54'', 269–272. Retrieved from https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/hfsg.2000.54.issue-3/hf.2000.045/hf.2000.045.pdf<blockquote>This paper dicusses about the use of different types of tertiary amines as catalysts in wood acetylation. The general process involves submerging the wood in an acetic anhydride/catalyst blend (either 1%, 5%, or 10% of catalyst). DMAP is shown to exhibit the fastest rate of reaction. NMP showed lower rate of reaction initially, but after 5000s, the reaction speed exceeded that of DMAP. NMPO didn't have an effect on the acetylation process. The optimal functioning concentration for DMAP is also determined.</blockquote>Li, J. Z., Furuno, T., & Katoh, S. (2007). Wood propionylation in the presence of catalysts. ''Wood and fiber science'', ''33''(2), 255-263.<blockquote>The paper discusses the process and results of using a variety of different catalysts to acetylate Sapwood specimens of hinoki and yellow-poplar with a size of 30(R) × 30(T) × 5(L) mm. The catalysts used in the experiment were: Potassium acetate, Sodium acetate, Sodium propionate, Sodium thiosulfate, Potassium sulfate and sodium sulfate, Sodium tetraborate decahydrate. In order to acetylate the wood, samples were submerged in solutions containing catalysts, and then immersed in propionic anhydride or acetic anhydride, with oven drying and reduced pressure between each step. The results were discussed, using dimensional stability and color changes as the criteria for evaluation.</blockquote>Li, J. Z., Furuno, T., Zhou, W. R., Ren, Q., Han, X. Z., & Zhao, J. P. (2009). "Properties of acetylated wood prepared at low temperature in the presence of catalysts." ''Journal of wood chemistry and technology'', ''29''(3), 241-250.<blockquote>The acetylation of sapwood and its performance is tested using sodium acetate, zinc chloride, magnesium perchlorate, and magnesium chloride hexahydrate as catalysts. Acetylation was performed with catalysts dissolved in acetic anhydride solution. Evaluation of acetylated wood was determined using dimensional stability, modulus of dynamic elasticity, static modulus of elasticity, bending strength tests, and color change using the l*a*b system.</blockquote>Nagarajappa, G., Pandey, K., Shinde, A., and Vagdevi, H. (2015). "N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) - An Efficient Catalyst for Acetylation of Wood." ''Holzforschung, 70(5),'' 421-427. Retrieved February 13, 2020, from https://www.academia.edu/19903304/N-Bromosuccinimide_NBS_an_efficient_catalyst_for_acetylation_of_wood.<blockquote>In this study, Nagarajappa, Pandey, Shinde, and Vagdevi investigate the effects of N-Bromosuccinimide as a catalyst for the acetylation of wood. The wood samples were reacted at temperatures of 105*C and 120*C, at five different time intervals. The results of the experiment were observed and quantified using spectrometry and moisture absorption (equilibrium moisture content), relative to different humidity conditions. Some of the findings were that the degree of acetylation significantly increased with concentration of the catalyst, reaction time, and temperature. This paper serves as a general guideline for working concentrations of NBS.</blockquote>Sun, R. C. (2004). "Effect of tertiary amine catalysts on the acetylation of wheat straw for the production of oil sorption-active materials. ''Comptes Rendus Chimie'', ''7''(2), 125–134. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2003.10.010<blockquote>This article specifies procedures and results of tertiary amine-incorporated acetylation process for wheat straws." Something worth mentioning is that the research on wheat straws is valuable due to its structural and biological similarity to that of pine wood. By looking at how wheat straws reacted to wood acetylation in which tertiary amines serve as catalysts, researchers expect to see similar results in wood. It is mentioned that the resulting wheat straw was more thermal stable and exhibits increased hydrophobic abilities, although a sustainability delimma exists where effective penetration of reagents cannot be ensured. DMAP is found to be the most effective catalyst, which is in agreement with similar researches.</blockquote>
+Bang, S. S., & Johnston, D. (1998). "Environmental effects of sodium acetate/formate deicer, Ice Shear™." ''Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology'', ''35''(4), 580-587.<blockquote>Bang and Johnston discuss the environmental impacts of sodium acetate using biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) tests, chemical oxygen demand (COD) tests, acute rainbow trout bioassays, and phytotoxicity tests. BOD and COD tests concluded that runoff of sodium acetate may cause oxygen depletion for a short period of time. However it is relatively harmless to rainbow trout and vegetation, and may act as a fertilizer for some plants.</blockquote>Giang, L., Cuong, C., Hoa, T., and Loc, T. (2015). "Acetylation of Microfibrillated Cellulose by Reaction with Acetic Anhydride Catalyzed by N-Bromosuccinimide." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ, 53(3), 333-339. Retrieved February 13, 2020, from http://vjs.ac.vn/index.php/jst/article/view/5769/5704.<blockquote>In this paper, Giang, Cuong, Hoa, and Loc investigate chemical surface modification of microfibrillated cellulose with different chemicals, such as acetic anhydride, which is used in wood acetylation. N-Bromosuccinimide was used as a catalyst, and dimethyl sulfoxide was used as a solvent. There is no recorded procedure in this paper, but there is a lot of analysis using IR spectroscopy. H-NMR, powder X-ray diffraction, and thermal stability tests also were used to analyze results of the experiment.</blockquote>Hill, C. A. S. (n.d.). "Potential Catalysts for the Acetylation of Wood." ''Holzforschung'', ''54'', 269–272. Retrieved from https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/hfsg.2000.54.issue-3/hf.2000.045/hf.2000.045.pdf<blockquote>This paper dicusses about the use of different types of tertiary amines as catalysts in wood acetylation. The general process involves submerging the wood in an acetic anhydride/catalyst blend (either 1%, 5%, or 10% of catalyst). DMAP is shown to exhibit the fastest rate of reaction. NMP showed lower rate of reaction initially, but after 5000s, the reaction speed exceeded that of DMAP. NMPO didn't have an effect on the acetylation process. The optimal functioning concentration for DMAP is also determined.</blockquote>Li, J. Z., Furuno, T., & Katoh, S. (2007). "Wood propionylation in the presence of catalysts." ''Wood and fiber science'', ''33''(2), 255-263.<blockquote>The paper discusses the process and results of using a variety of different catalysts to acetylate Sapwood specimens of hinoki and yellow-poplar with a size of 30(R) × 30(T) × 5(L) mm. The catalysts used in the experiment were: Potassium acetate, Sodium acetate, Sodium propionate, Sodium thiosulfate, Potassium sulfate and sodium sulfate, Sodium tetraborate decahydrate. In order to acetylate the wood, samples were submerged in solutions containing catalysts, and then immersed in propionic anhydride or acetic anhydride, with oven drying and reduced pressure between each step. The results were discussed, using dimensional stability and color changes as the criteria for evaluation.</blockquote>Li, J. Z., Furuno, T., Zhou, W. R., Ren, Q., Han, X. Z., & Zhao, J. P. (2009). "Properties of acetylated wood prepared at low temperature in the presence of catalysts." ''Journal of wood chemistry and technology'', ''29''(3), 241-250.<blockquote>The acetylation of sapwood and its performance is tested using sodium acetate, zinc chloride, magnesium perchlorate, and magnesium chloride hexahydrate as catalysts. Acetylation was performed with catalysts dissolved in acetic anhydride solution. Evaluation of acetylated wood was determined using dimensional stability, modulus of dynamic elasticity, static modulus of elasticity, bending strength tests, and color change using the l*a*b system.</blockquote>Nagarajappa, G., Pandey, K., Shinde, A., and Vagdevi, H. (2015). "N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) - An Efficient Catalyst for Acetylation of Wood." ''Holzforschung, 70(5),'' 421-427. Retrieved February 13, 2020, from https://www.academia.edu/19903304/N-Bromosuccinimide_NBS_an_efficient_catalyst_for_acetylation_of_wood.<blockquote>In this study, Nagarajappa, Pandey, Shinde, and Vagdevi investigate the effects of N-Bromosuccinimide as a catalyst for the acetylation of wood. The wood samples were reacted at temperatures of 105*C and 120*C, at five different time intervals. The results of the experiment were observed and quantified using spectrometry and moisture absorption (equilibrium moisture content), relative to different humidity conditions. Some of the findings were that the degree of acetylation significantly increased with concentration of the catalyst, reaction time, and temperature. This paper serves as a general guideline for working concentrations of NBS.</blockquote>Sun, R. C. (2004). "Effect of tertiary amine catalysts on the acetylation of wheat straw for the production of oil sorption-active materials." ''Comptes Rendus Chimie'', ''7''(2), 125–134. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2003.10.010<blockquote>This article specifies procedures and results of tertiary amine-incorporated acetylation process for wheat straws." Something worth mentioning is that the research on wheat straws is valuable due to its structural and biological similarity to that of pine wood. By looking at how wheat straws reacted to wood acetylation in which tertiary amines serve as catalysts, researchers expect to see similar results in wood. It is mentioned that the resulting wheat straw was more thermal stable and exhibits increased hydrophobic abilities, although a sustainability delimma exists where effective penetration of reagents cannot be ensured. DMAP is found to be the most effective catalyst, which is in agreement with similar researches.</blockquote>
 == Team Members ==

@@ Line 171: / Line 171: @@
 ==== [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/84c4/62d6e4d36914144ed4cb5ac2c610526ebe81.pdf?_ga=2.133709959.826820644.1587488592-2125147300.1587488592 Water Absorption] ====
-Oven-dried wood specimens will be placed into a 500 mL beaker filled with deionised water. Every 24 hours for 14 day the specimens will be removed from the beaker and dried with a tissue. Their dimensions and weights will be recorded and then again placed in the beaker and the water replaced. Relative water uptake (WA) and water repellent efficiency (WRE) will be calculated daily using the following equations:
+Oven-dried wood specimens will be placed into a 500 mL beaker filled with deionized water. Every 24 hours, for 14 days the specimens will be removed from the beaker and dried with a tissue. Their dimensions and weights will be recorded and then again placed in the beaker and the water replaced. Any visible changes to the wood's surface (color, indentations, etc.) will be recorded. Relative water uptake (WA) and water repellent efficiency (WRE) will be calculated daily using the following equations:
 [[File:Wrer9.png|frameless]]

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 === Catalyst Information ===
-Our team studied a variety of academic literature to evaluate the effectiveness of potential catalysts based on a specifc set of criteria, which include:
+Our team studied a variety of academic literature to evaluate the effectiveness of potential catalysts based on a specific set of criteria, which include:
 * Projected Weight Percentage Gain (WPG)
 * Temperature range

@@ Line 99: / Line 99: @@
 |3%
 |}
 === Preliminary Results ===
@@ Line 135: / Line 136: @@
 |N/A
 |}
 Due to the MILL closing until January 2021, currently the only results we have to report are the change in mass after freshly cutting the blocks at the Aero Maker Space on campus, after undergoing the standard oven-dry procedure, and after the acetylation reaction, if applicable.
 === Durability Grading System ===